The Characteristic of Parenchyma cells
Many Students dont understand yet about what is the characteristic of parenchyma cells, so let me explain to you all about parenchyma cells. Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells of the ground tissue that make up the bulk of most nonwoody structures, although sometimes they have lignified cell walls. Parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and pericycle in a root or shoot constitute the cortex, and tissue specialised for food storage commonly is parenchyma. They generally constitute "filler" tissue in the soft areas of the stems, leaves, root, flowers, fruits etc. Parenchyma cells within the center of the root or shoot constitute the pith. Parenchyma cells in the ovary constitutes the nucellus and are brick-like in
The Characteristic of Angiosperm
Now I will share to you about the characteristic of angiosperm. Read the following characteristic of angiosperm:
- Flowers
The flowers, which are the reproductive organs of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from the other seed plants. Flowers aid angiosperms by enabling a wider range of adaptability and broadening the ecological niches open to them. This has allowed flowering plants to largely dominate terrestrial ecosystems. - Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs
Stamens are much lighter than the corresponding
The Structure of Intestine
The structure and function can be described both as gross anatomy and at a microscopic level. The intestine is divided into two parts: The small intestine and the large intestine. People will have different sized intestines according to their size and age. The lumen is the cavity where digested food passes through and from where nutrients are absorbed. Both intestines share a
The Definition of Kidney
The kidneys are organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin.
Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneum, the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired renal veins. Each kidney excretes urine into a ureter, itself a paired structure that empties into the urinary bladder.
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function, while nephrology is the medical specialty concerned with kidney diseases. Diseases of the kidney are diverse, but individuals with kidney disease frequently display characteristic clinical features. Common clinical conditions involving the kidney include the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, renal cysts, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis, and urinary tract obstruction. Various cancers of the kidney exist; the most common adult renal cancer is renal cell carcinoma. Cancers, cysts, and some other renal conditions can be managed with removal of the kidney, or nephrectomy. When renal function, measured by glomerular filtration rate, is persistently poor, dialysis and kidney transplantation may be treatment options. Although they are not severely harmful, kidney stones can be painful and a nuisance. The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp pain in the medial/lateral segments of the lower back.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which male primordial germ cells called spermatogonia undergo meiosis, and produce a number of cells termed spermatozoa. The initial cells in this pathway are called primary spermatocytes. The primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes; each secondary spermatocyte then divides into two spermatids. These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells. Thus, the primary spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the secondary spermatocytes, and
The Classification of Moss
Botanically, mosses are non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are small (a few centimeters tall) herbaceous (non-woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly through their leaves and harvest sunlight to create food by photosynthesis. They differ from vascular plants in lacking water-bearing xylem tracheids or vessels. As in liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Mosses reproduce using spores, not seeds and have no flowers.
Moss gametophytes have stems which may be simple or branched and upright or prostrate. Their leaves are simple, usually only a single layer of cells with no internal air spaces, often with thicker midribs. They do not have proper roots, but have threadlike (rhizoids) that anchor them to their substrate. Mosses do not absorb water or nutrients from their substrate through their rhizoids.
The Classification of Mushrooms ( Fungi)
The Classification of mushrooms (Fungi)
1. Division Chytridiomycota
The chytridiomycota includes the oldest fungi fossil with the motile spores, which had flagella ( zoospore).
Flagella has disappeared from cells of other fungi. Most members of this division have chitinized cell wall.
Chytrid is an aquatic fungus that does not live on land. The examples are Allomyces and Chytridium.
2. Division Zygomycota
Zygomycota have coenocytic hypha. They do not have
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